You will need
  • Table D. I. Mendeleev, pen, paper
Instruction
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A table is a structure in which there are chemical elements in its principles and laws. That is, you can tell that a table is a multi-storey "house" in which "live" chemical elements, each of them has his own apartment at a certain number. Horizontally are the "floors" - periods which can be small and large. If the period consists of two rows (as indicated on the side of the numbering), this period is called the great. If it only has one row, it is called small.
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Also the table is divided into "entrances" group, of which there are eight. As in any entrance of the apartments are on the left and right, and here the chemical elements arranged according to the same principle. In this embodiment, their placement is uneven – on the one hand, more items, and then talk about the main group, the other less and this suggests that the group side.
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Valence is the ability of elements to form chemical bonds. There is a constant valence, which does not change and variable with a different value depending on the composition of any substance contains the item. When determining valence on the periodic table it is necessary to pay attention to the following characteristics: the number of elements and its type (i.e. main or side group). Constant valence in this case is determined by the group number main group. To know the value of variable valency, if any, is, moreover, usually non-metals), then you need 8 (total 8 groups – hence a digit) subtract the group number, which is the element.
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Example No. 1. If you look at the elements of the first group main group (alkaline metals), we can conclude that they all have a valence equal to I (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr).
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Example No. 2. The elements of the second group main group (alkaline earth metals), respectively, have a valence of II (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra).
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Example No. 3. If we talk about the nonmetals, for example, P (phosphorus) is in group V main group. Hence its valency is equal to V. in addition, the phosphorus has one more valence value, and to define it you need to do 8 - No. element. So 8 – 5 (the group number of phosphorus) = 3. Therefore, the second valence of phosphorus is equal to III.
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Example No. 4. Halogens are in group VII of the main group. So, their valence is equal to VII. However, given that it is a nonmetal, it is necessary to produce the arithmetic operation: 8 – 7 (no group element) = 1. Therefore, the other valence of the Halogens is equal to I.
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For the elements of auxiliary groups (and they include only metals) the valence need to remember, especially because in most cases it is equal to I, II, rarely III. Also have to memorize the valences of chemical elements that have more than two values.