Instruction
1
So, first we will understand what profit and profitability. Profit is the monetary expression of the final financial result of enterprises and the profitability is a relative measure that reflects the same financial result.
One of the main theories explaining the emergence of profit is the theory of surplus value developed by K. Marx. Marx says that surplus value is transformed into net profit after a sales record is created at the stage of production of the specific commodity "labor force". Surplus value is the value that is created by hired labor above the cost of his labor (i.e. salaries) and appropriated by the capitalist.
However, the profit is not equal to surplus value, because part of it goes to pay salaries to workers and to cover other costs: interest on the loan, taxes, rents. So the profit is called the transformed form of surplus value.
One of the main theories explaining the emergence of profit is the theory of surplus value developed by K. Marx. Marx says that surplus value is transformed into net profit after a sales record is created at the stage of production of the specific commodity "labor force". Surplus value is the value that is created by hired labor above the cost of his labor (i.e. salaries) and appropriated by the capitalist.
However, the profit is not equal to surplus value, because part of it goes to pay salaries to workers and to cover other costs: interest on the loan, taxes, rents. So the profit is called the transformed form of surplus value.
2
Distinguish between gross (total) and net profit (the amount remaining after the payment of costs and payment of required taxes and deductions).
Gross profit is calculated as follows:
Gross profit = Net revenue from sales of goods and services — Cost of goods sold or services
Net profit (RAS) is calculated as follows:
Net profit = gross profit — the Sum of production costs — Sum of taxes, fines and penalties, interest on loans.
Gross profit is calculated as follows:
Gross profit = Net revenue from sales of goods and services — Cost of goods sold or services
Net profit (RAS) is calculated as follows:
Net profit = gross profit — the Sum of production costs — Sum of taxes, fines and penalties, interest on loans.
3
Profitability is a relative measure of economic efficiency (%). A ratio of profitability calculated as the ratio of profits to assets (resources), its formative.
There are many indicators of profitability: return on fixed assets, return on assets, return on equity, return on sales, profitability, etc. let us Consider the last two indicators.
The return on sales shows a share of the profits earned in each currency and calculated:
Profit margin = Net profit / sales
Profitability of production shows, how many monetary units of net profit the company receives from each monetary unit spent on production and sales. Calculated:
Profitability = Profit from sales / Amount of expenses on manufacture and production realisation.
There are many indicators of profitability: return on fixed assets, return on assets, return on equity, return on sales, profitability, etc. let us Consider the last two indicators.
The return on sales shows a share of the profits earned in each currency and calculated:
Profit margin = Net profit / sales
Profitability of production shows, how many monetary units of net profit the company receives from each monetary unit spent on production and sales. Calculated:
Profitability = Profit from sales / Amount of expenses on manufacture and production realisation.